Mekanisme dan Aplikasi Pirolisis Biomassa Dalam Produksi Biochar, Bio-Oil dan Gas Pirolisis
Abstract
Peningkatan populasi dan aktivitas industri telah menyebabkan akumulasi limbah yang signifikan, menciptakan tantangan lingkungan yang mendesak. Pirolisis, sebagai proses termokimia yang menguraikan bahan organik pada suhu tinggi (300 °C hingga 800 °C) tanpa oksigen, menawarkan solusi berkelanjutan dengan mengolah limbah menjadi produk bernilai tinggi seperti biochar, bio-oil, dan gas pirolisis. Proses ini melibatkan beberapa tahap, termasuk persiapan bahan baku, pemanasan bertahap untuk menghindari dekomposisi yang tidak terkontrol, dan pemisahan produk akhir. Variasi jenis biomassa, seperti kayu, limbah pertanian, atau plastik, serta kondisi operasi seperti suhu, laju pemanasan, dan waktu tinggal, secara signifikan mempengaruhi komposisi dan kuantitas produk. Misalnya, suhu yang lebih tinggi cenderung meningkatkan produksi gas pirolisis, sementara suhu yang lebih rendah mendukung pembentukan biochar. Biochar memiliki manfaat sebagai penyerap karbon dan perbaikan tanah, sedangkan bio-oil dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif dan sumber senyawa kimia yang bernilai. Gas pirolisis, yang kaya akan hidrogen dan karbon monoksida, memiliki potensi untuk menghasilkan energi melalui pembakaran atau konversi lebih lanjut. Meskipun pirolisis menunjukkan potensi besar dalam pengelolaan limbah, tantangan seperti pembentukan kokas, optimasi pemisahan produk, dan pengurangan emisi sampingan memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut. Penelitian yang berfokus pada peningkatan efisiensi, pemanfaatan hasil produk secara optimal, dan penerapan teknologi pirolisis pada skala industri dapat memberikan solusi praktis untuk mendukung keberlanjutan lingkungan serta mengatasi tantangan limbah global yang semakin meningkat.
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